4.0+–+PRODUCT+DESIGN+SPECIFICATION


 * 4.1 Brainstorming **

We divide our team in different areas to do research. We set the time for meetings and even talk regularly over the phone and share ideas.

**Usage of water by an average person every day** An average person uses about 123 gallons (466 liters) of water daily. Some individual household activities and the amount of water they consume are listed below:

**Sources:** Famighetti, Robert, ed.The World Almanac Book... [19]
 * **Activity** || **Water used**  ||
 * Shower || 15-30 gallons (57-114 liters)  ||
 * Brushing teeth (water running) || 1-2 gallons (3.75-7.51 liters)  ||
 * Shaving (water running) || 10-15 gallons (38-57 liters)  ||
 * Washing dishes by hand || 20 gallons (75 liters)  ||
 * Washing dishes in dishwasher || 9-12 gallons (34-45 liters)  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 7.5pt; text-align: center;">Flushing toilet || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 7.5pt; text-align: center;">5-7 gallons (19-26 liters)  ||

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 12pt;">The average home uses more energy to heat water than for any other activity.Heating water accounts for up to 30% of home energy bills. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 12pt;">Ninety percent of 90% that heat energy goes right down the drain with the used water.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 12pt;">

The average person flushes more than 7,000 liters of water down the toilet every year. With more than half of the world's population using flushable toilets, this amounts to trillions of liters of water per year practically wasted. The conversion of potential energy of water falling from a height into electricity. An Industrial Design student Tom Broadbent from Leicester’s De Montfort University (DMU) conceptualize, while emptying a bath in a hotel was that wastewater from high-rise buildings drained pretty quickly with considerable force mimicking the conventional hydropower that was generated in hydropower plants.

The device works by using the discarded water from household appliances like toilets, sinks and showers, which hits four turbine blades as it falls down the pipes, powering a generator.Designed for the pipes of high-rise buildings rather than individual homes, HyDro Power could offer substantial energy and cost savings, as high as $1,415 per year for an average seven-story building. The energy harnessed by the device can either be utilized inside the building for powering systems like air-conditioning, heating and elevators or sold back to the national grid.

Figure : Tom Broadbent with his HyDro Power device[7]

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">An Israeli company named Leviathan created a water turbine that could open the field for potential energy sources. Its patented Benkatine TurbineTM is a device that allows you to generate electricity when you flush the toilet. The Benkatine presents an innovative, state of the art approach that will allow the global development of hydroelectric projects. The device works using the principles of hydroelectric power. In other words, water flows in (or, in the case of flushing, out) a turbine fan spins, and power is generated. Not only can the Benkatine Turbine generate power from the indoor plumbing,but it can be used outside to generate power from gutter drainage.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> Figure Courtesy : [|Leviathan Energy]

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> Figure : The Benkatina turbine is enclosed in a pipe so it can fit into existing piped-water systems [8]

<span style="background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-origin: initial; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">The turbine is enclosed in a pipe, so it can be fit into existing piped-water systems. There are water pipes running underground for all sorts of purposes, like carrying wastewater away from factories and carrying clean water into your home. One or more of these turbines can be inserted into the piping to capture energy from this water.

<span style="background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-origin: initial; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">The Benkatine can be made into a sealed system so the water running through the turbine is completely sealed off from the gears the turbine is spinning. This makes it feasible for clean-water systems, since the clean water is isolated from mechanical parts coated in lubricants or other chemicals. Another interesting application has to do with the way water loses some of its pressure when it transfers its energy to the turbine. Pressure reduction can fix leaks in a pipe system. Companies or municipalities that have been dragging their feet on fixing leaks would have an economic inducement to reduce water waste: Fix leaks and lower the electricity bill at the same time.

<span style="background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-origin: initial; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">Also we discuss how we genetare electricity by using drain water. Below fig shows basic idea for water flows through trubine and generate electricity.

<span style="background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-origin: initial; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt;">

[REF: MICRO HYDROELECTRIC POWER : NGUYEN MINH DUY] [9]

TURBINE CLASSIFICATION: [9]

Below fig. shows how water flows through the turbine blade.[9]

[REF: MICRO HYDROELECTRIC POWER : NGUYEN MINH DUY] [9]

How much electricity we can generate?

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">I. Pico hydroelectric plant <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Up to 10kW, remote areas away from the grid <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">II. Micro hydroelectric plant <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Capacity 10kW to 300kW, usually provided power for small community or rural industry in remote areas away from the grid <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">III. Small hydroelectric plant <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Capacity 300kW to 1MW <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">IV. Mini hydroelectric plant <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Capacity above 1MW <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">V. Medium hydroelectric plant <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. 15 - 100 MW usually feeding a grid <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">VI. Large hydroelectric plant <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. More than 100 MW feeding into a large electricity grid



**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">4.2 Current Drain Water Usage System **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> We research about current drain water heat recycling system. This system requires heat exchanger to recover energy and reuse heat from drain water from various activities such as dish-washing, clothes washing and especially showers. The diagram for the current system is shown under:

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">In this system, Water flows from a faucet down the drain, which is wrapped with a copper coil called a heat exchanger. Cold water flows through the coil and is heated by the warm water going down the drain. The heated water in the coil then flows to the plumbing fixtures and the water heater, where it then flows through the faucet and is used as drain water to heat new clean water flowing through the system. Figure : Drain Water Heater with Maintainance guideline [7]

[|Drain Water Heat Recovery System Working.docx]

**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">4.3 System transformation **

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 90%; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">The following system diagram shows, how drain water power will transforms into building code,heat recovery,user,enviornment & government.Then after adverse impact of those is also mentioned.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**4.4 System Architecture**

Drain water architecture schematic architecture is shown under **4.5 Pros and Cons of Mini Hydro Power**

Mini hydro power is both an efficient and reliable form of energy, most of the time. However, there are certain disadvantages that should be considered before constructing a mini hydro power system. It is crucial to have a grasp of the potential energy benefits as well as the limitations of hydro technology. There are some common misconceptions about micro-hydro power that need to be addressed. Carrying correct research and skills, micro hydro can be an excellent method of harnessing renewable energy from small streams.

**Mini Hydro Plant Pros – Advantages**
It takes a small amount of flow to generate electricity with mini hydro. Electricity can be delivered as far as a mile away to the location where it is being used. Hydro plant produces a continuous electrical energy in comparison to other small-scale renewable technologies. Minihydro is considered to function as a ‘run-of-river’ system, meaning that the water passing through the generator is directed back into the stream with relatively little impact on the surrounding ecology. Building a small-scale hydro-power system can cost from $1,000 – $200,000, depending on site electricity requirements and location. Maintenance fees are relatively small in comparison to other technologies. Due to low-cost versatility and longevity of mini hydro plant, developing countries can manufacture and implement the technology to help supply much needed electricity to small communities and villages. If we are not using energy for our own use, energy can be sold to power distribution companies through grid.
 * 1) Efficient energy source**
 * 2) Reliable electricity source**
 * 3) No reservoir required**
 * 4) Cost effective energy solution**
 * 5) Power for developing countries**
 * 6) Integrate with the local power grid**

**Mini Hydro Plant Cons – Disadvantages**
In order to take full advantage of the electrical potential of small streams, a suitable site is needed. Factors to consider are: distance from the power source to the location where energy is required, stream size (including flow rate, output and drop), and a balance of system components — inverter, batteries, controller, transmission line and pipelines. The size and flow of small streams may restrict future site expansion. In many locations stream size will fluctuate seasonally. During the summer months there will likely be less flow and therefore less power output. Advanced planning and research will be needed to ensure adequate energy requirements are met.
 * 1) Suitable site characteristics required**
 * 2) Energy expansion not possible**
 * 3) Low-power in the summer months**

**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">4.6 Misconceptions – Myths about hydro power **
**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Small streams do not provide enough force to generate power ** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**The Truth:** Energy output is dependant on two major factors: the stream flow (how much water runs through the system) and drop (or head), which is the vertical distance the water will fall through the water turbine.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**A large water reservoir is required** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**The Truth:** Most small-scale hydro systems require very little or no reservoir in order to power the turbines. These systems are commonly known as ‘run-of-river’, meaning the water will run straight through the generator and back into the stream. This has a minimal environmental impact on the local ecosystem.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Micro hydro electricity is unreliable** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**The Truth:** Technology advances (such as maintenance-free water intake equipment and solid-state electrical equipment) ensure that these systems are often more reliable in remote areas. Often these systems are more dependable than the local power main.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**The electricity generated is low quality** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**The Truth:** If the latest electronic control equipment, inverters and alternators are used, the resultant power supply has the potential to be of higher quality the main electrical power grid.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Hydro power is free** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**The Truth:** Micro power development can be cost-intensive to build and maintain. There are some fixed maintenance costs. These costs vary according to site location and material requirements.



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